শেকড়: অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নঃ প্রেক্ষিত বাংলাদেশ

K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi

cÖ_‡gB kÖ‡×q †gvnv¤§` ûgvqyb Kwei m¨vi‡K ab¨ev` Rvbvw”Q G Rb¨ †h, Avgiv Avgv‡`i g‡Zv K‡i A¨mvBb‡g‡›Ui welq wbev©Pb K‡iwQ| cixÿv bv wb‡q Av‡iKwU A¨vmvB›U Ki‡Z †`qvq AveviI ab¨ev` Rvbvw”Q, GRb¨ †h cixÿvq GKwU/`yBwU cÖkœ c‡oB cixÿv w`‡Z P‡j Avwm Avgiv| Lye †ewk c‡o Avmv nq GgbwU wKš‘ bq| Z‡e A¨vmvB‡g›U Ki‡Z ‡h‡q wKQz cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q e‡UB|

f~wgKv

Òÿzavi iv‡R¨ c„w_ex M`¨gq

c~wY©gvi Pvu` †hb Sjmv‡bv iæwUÓ

‡ivgvw›UK KíbvcÖeY e¨w³i wbKU Pvu` †Kv‡bv my›`ix hyeZxi jvm¨gq gyL n‡jI KwVb ev¯ÍeZvi AvNv‡Z ÿzavZ© gvby‡li Kv‡Q Aciƒc my›`i c~wY©gvi Pvu`I Sjmv‡bv iæwUi g‡Zv g‡b nq|

evsjv‡`k GKwU MÖvg cÖavb K…wl wfwËK †`k| G‡`‡ki 60 fvM †jvK cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e K…wli mv‡_ RwoZ †_‡K RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Q| wKš‘ G‡`‡ki cwiKíbvwe`‡`i †PvL †bB Zv‡`i Dci Avi ivRbxwZwe`iv e¨¯Í i‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i Av‡Li †MuvQv‡bvi Rb¨| ivRbxwZ AvR GK weivU e¨emvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| `ybx©wZ mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i| wKš‘ Gi mv‡_‡Zv K…lKiv RwoZ bq| wKš‘ Zvi dj †fvM Ki‡Z n‡”Q Zv‡KI| G‡`‡ki 80 fvM Rwgi gvwjK 20 fvM gvbyl, Avi 20 fvM Rwgi gvwjK 80 fvM gvbyl| Av‡qi †ÿ‡Î Pig ˆelg¨ we`¨gvb| wewUwf Lyj‡jB Avgiv Dbœq‡bi †Rvqvi(!) †`L‡Z cvB| Ôgvby‡li Kvbœv‡K †hgb K‡c©v‡iUiv wK‡b †bbÕ| weÁvcb nq gvby‡li Kvbœv| Zv‡`i c‡Y¨i cÖmvi jvf K‡i| Avi GKB Kvq`vq evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Zv‡`i ÔivR‰bwZKÕ c‡Y¨i cmiv mvwR‡q e‡mb| GLv‡b mvaviY RbZv n‡jv cY¨, Avevi GB RbZvB Gi †fv³v|

Avi ZvB GKwesk kZvãx‡Z G‡mI Dbœqb wb‡q gvby‡li fvebvi ‡kl ‡bB| GwU Ggb GKwU cªwµqv hvi Pjvi c_ gm…Y bq| hw`I Dbœqb GLb A‡bK ‡`‡kB ivR‰bwZK ‡køvMv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Avg‡`i †`‡kI ZvB|

evsjv‡`‡k me miKv‡ii Avg‡jB Dbœq‡bi ‡Rvqvi eB‡q ‡`qv n‡q‡Q! miKvi Av‡m miKvi hvq gvby‡li fvM¨ e`j n‡q‡Q Kx? Avm‡j Amnvq gvby‡li fv‡M¨vbœqb KZUzKz N‡U‡Q Zv ciL Kivi mgq GLbB| Avgiv wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i Avkcvk‡K Rvwb| Ae‡njv, Abœ Kó gvby‡li gv‡S KZUv cªKU Zv mevB Kg‡ewk Avgiv Rvwb|

ÔA_©‰bwZK Dbœqbt †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`kÕ welqwU †e‡Q †bqvi KviY

weR‡qi 40 eQi c~wZ© n‡q‡Q| myLx mg„× GK evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœ wQ‡jv mvavi‡Yi| cvwK¯Ívbx evwnbx G‡`‡ki gvby‡li Dci 25 †k gv‡P©i Kvj iv‡Î NygšÍ gvby‡li Dci Svuwc‡q c‡o| cÖZzrË‡i M‡R© I‡V evOvwj RvwZ| ¯^cœ civaxbZvi bvMcvk †_‡K †ei n‡q my›`i GKwU evsjv‡`k wbg©vY Kiv| AvR ¯^vaxbZvi 40 eQi ci Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡”Q, ÔGB evsjv‡`k Kx Avgiv †P‡qwQjvgÕ| wbðq bq| wewUªk kvmb †_‡K gyw³i ci Avgiv cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡`i †MivK‡j cojvg| ‡kvlY eÂbv †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ Õ71 mv‡j gyw³hy× n‡jv| gyw³ wK ‡g‡j‡Q mvaviY gvby‡li| bv †g‡j wb|

Avi ZvB A¨mvBb‡g‡›Ui welq wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb K‡iwQ- ÔA_©‰bwZK Dbœqbt †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`kÕ|

A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb

Dbœqb A_© mevi aviYv mvg‡b GwM‡q hvIqv| `y:L-`y`k©v ‡Q‡o ‡ewi‡q Avmv| Avq e…w×i gva¨‡g Rxebgvb evov‡bv| Dbœqb ej‡Z Av‡MKvi aviYvi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡KB cªvavb¨ ‡`qv n‡q‡Q|

AgZ¨© ‡mb e‡j‡Qb- Rbmvavi‡Yi m¶gZvi bvgB Dbœqb| Zvi g‡Z, Ôgvby‡li, m¶gZv wbf©i K‡i, Zvi ¯^Z¡vwaKv‡ii Ici, A_©vr wK cwigvY `ªe¨ Ges ‡mev mvgMªx‡Z ‡m Zvi ¯^Z¡ c«wZôv Ki‡Z ‡c‡i‡Q Zvi Ici| gv_vwcQy KZUv Lv`¨ cvIqv hv‡e A_ev gv_vwcQy ‡gvU RvZxq Drcv`b KZUv G ai‡bi mv`vgvVv wb‡`©kKmg~‡ni Ici hw` wbf©i Kwi ‡Zv Abvnvi, ¶yav Ges eÂbvi mgMÖ ‡PnvivUv Dcjwäi c‡_ weåvwšÍi m…wó n‡e| ¯^Z¡vwaKvi wba©viY e¨e¯’v, ‡mB e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ e…wË‡fvMx Kg©‡Mvôxfy³ gvbyl‡`i Ae¯’v, G m‡ei mZK© we‡kølY Avek¨K|Õ

AgZ¨© ‡m‡bi gZ Av‡iv A‡b‡KB AvRKvj Dbœqb‡K ‡Kej K‡qKwU m~P‡Ki g‡a¨ mxwgZ bv ‡i‡L eis m¶gZv AR©‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Avevi ‡KD ‡KD gvby‡li Kj¨vY‡K ‡MŠY ‡f‡e ‡Kej Drcv`b e…w× I Dbœqb‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Avgiv AgZ¨© ‡m‡bi K_vq hw` wd‡i Avwm, Zvn‡j Dbœqb‡K ‡`L‡Z cvB h_v_i~‡c| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔDbœqb Avm‡j gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi ‡PŠnwÏ evov‡bvi cªwµqv| gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri PvIqv-cvIqv KÏ~i ‡gUv‡Z cvi‡Q ‡m cªkœwU Dbœq‡bi msÁvq me‡P‡q ‡ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|Õ GK_v wVK ‡h Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gvby‡li wPšÍv I Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv eo cª‡qvRb| Avgiv hw` ‡g‡b wbB ‡h- m…wókxjZvi gva¨‡g Dbœqb‡K GwM‡q ‡bqv m¤¢e| Z‡e m…wókxjZvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z n‡e| AwbðqZv Avi ûgwKi Avov‡j ivL‡Z n‡e Zv‡K| bB‡j m…wói ‡cªiYv Avm‡e wKfv‡e?

Avevi Dbœqb mvabB h‡_ó bq| Dbœq‡bi avivevwnK MwZ ev ‡UKmB n‡Z n‡e| ‡UKmB Dbœq‡bi aviYv G‡m‡Q gvbyl‡K fwel¨‡Zi R‡b¨I wPšÍvnxb ivL‡Z| ¸Wj¨vÛ Ges wjW‡Ki g‡Z, Ô‡UKmB Dbœqb‡K mvgvwRK Ges KvVv‡gvMZ A_©‰bwZK iƒcvšÍ‡ii aviv ev Dbœqb wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq| hv eZ©gv‡bi mnRjf¨ A_©‰bwZK Ges mvgvwRK myweavmg~‡ni m‡e©v”P e…w× mvab NUvq Ges fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Zv‡K wec`vcbœ K‡i ‡Zv‡j bv|Õ

Dbœqb ej‡Z me‡P‡q ‡ewk Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb| A_©bxwZwe`iv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z eywS‡q‡Qb A_©‰bwZK ¯Í‡ii cwieZ©b| ‡Kvb ‡Kvb ‡`‡ki mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mva‡bi gva¨‡g ‡`kwU‡K GwM‡q ‡bqv ev mvg‡bi ¯Í‡i, AMªmi Kiv| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ‡`kwUi RvZxq Avq, gv_vwcQy Avq, Drcv`b ¶gZv I RxebhvÎvi gvb e…w×| Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, ‰eÁvwbK AMªMwZ, Drcv`‡bi bZyb Kjv‡KŠkj I hš¿cvwZi Avwe®‹vi, gvby‡li wbiew”Qbœ D`¨g, g~jab MVb I mšÍvb-mš‘wZ jv‡fi cªeYZvi g‡a¨B ‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv wbwnZ n‡q‡Q|

Zvi G e³e¨ a‡i wb‡j mvgvwRK w¯’iZvi welqwU P‡j Av‡m| AwbðqZv ‡_‡K gy³ _vKvi welqwUI P‡j Av‡m| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cªm‡½ Av_©vi jyBm e‡j‡Qb, N›Uv cªwZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ hw` Drcv`b e…w× cvq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡”Q| Aa¨vcK myBWv‡ii g‡Z, `xN©Kvje¨vcx gv_vwcQy Avq e…w×i cªwµqv‡KB A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ejv nq| Aa¨vcK DBwjqvg I evwÆK e‡j‡Qb, ‡h c«wµqvi gva¨‡g ‡Kvb ‡`‡ki cªvß m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g `ªe¨ I ‡mevK‡g©i gv_vwcQy Drcv`b ¯’vqxfv‡e e…w× cvq Zv‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb e‡j| GB msÁvq A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mylg eÈb e¨e¯’vi Ici ¸iæZ¡ ‡`qv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr ‡Kvb ‡`‡k ‡Kej Drcv`b ev Avq evo‡jB n‡e bv, Av‡qi mylg eÈb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| abx Mixe wbwe©‡k‡l Av‡qi mydj ‡c‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ KwZcq ‡jv‡Ki nv‡Z Kyw¶MZ _vK‡j cªK…Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡q‡Q ejv hv‡e bv| D`vniY ¯^iƒc, evsjv‡`‡ki K_v ejv hvq| cªvqB Le‡ii KvM‡R wk‡ivbvg nq evsjv‡`‡k abx Mixe ‰elg¨ ‡e‡o‡Q| wKsev awbK ‡k«Yx Av‡iv abx n‡”Q|

Mixeiv Mixe n‡”Q| GUv Av‡qi mylg eÈb bv _vKvi Kvi‡YB| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cª_vMZ K‡qKwU m~PK n‡”Q RvZxq Avq, gv_vwcQy Avq, gvbe Dbœqb I A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY| ‡Kvb ‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq evo‡Z _vK‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i ‡bqv nq| hw`I RvZxq Avq e…w×i Zyjbvq RbmsL¨v e…w×i nvi ‡ewk n‡j gv_vwcQy AvqI RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb K‡g hvq| ‡h Kvi‡Y Aa¨vcK ‡gqvi gv_vwcQy Avq‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m~PK wnmv‡e MªnY K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, RbmsL¨v e…w×i nvi A‡c¶v RvZxq Avq e…w×i nvi AwaK n‡jB Zv‡K Dbœqb ejv hvq| RvZxq Avq‡K ‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v w`‡q fvM Ki‡j cªK…Z gv_vwcQy Avq cvIqv hvq| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg gvcKvwV gvbe Dbœqb m~PK| RvwZmsN m`m¨ ivó«mg~‡ni gvbe Dbœqb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i gvbe Dbœqb wi‡cvU© cªKvk K‡i| gvbe Dbœqb m~P‡K gvby‡li wk¶v, Avqy®‹vj, µq¶gZv c«f…wZ we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Z‡e GB m~P‡K RvZxqfv‡e Z_¨ ‡bqv nq| wKš‘ abx-Mixe ‰elg¨, AvÂwjK ev Mªvg kn‡ii ‰elg¨ Avg‡j ‡bqv nq bv| d‡j GB m~P‡K cªK…Z Dbœqb ‡evSv hvq bv| Abyiƒc K_v cª‡hvR¨ A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi ‡¶‡ÎI| ‡fvMev`x aviYv‡K GLv‡b ¸iæZ¡ ‡`qv nq| Z‡e ‡fv‡Mi welqwU gvbwmK Ges G‡KK R‡bi ‡¶‡Î G‡KK iKg| ZvB ‡fvM wejvm c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g Kj¨v‡Yi ‡Kvb mwVK cwigvc nq bv| Z‡e mvaviYZ gvbyl Zvi b~¨bZg Pvwn`v wgwU‡q mš‘ó _vK‡Z cv‡i-GgbwU n‡jB nq| mš‘wó AR©b ïay eZ©gv‡bi Rb¨ bq, fwel¨‡ZiI wbðqZv _vK‡Z n‡e| bB‡j Dbœqb ‡UKmB n‡e bv|

A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwigv‡ci m~PKmg~n

‡Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK DbœqY cwigv‡ci Rb¨ A_©bxwZwe`MY wewfbœ cwigvcK ev m~PK e¨envi K‡ib| G m~PK¸‡jv n‡jv- 1. RvZxq Avq, 2. gv_vwcQz Avq, 3. A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY I 4.gvbe Dbœqb m~PK|

RvZxq Avq: mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv †`‡ki cÖK…Z RvZxq Av‡qi cÖe„w×‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi gvcKvwV ev m~PK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|

Aa¨vcK †gqvi I eìDBb (Prof. Meir and Baldwin) e‡jb, “Economic development is a process whereby an economy’s real income increases over a long period of time.”

Z‡e cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m~PK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi †ÿ‡Î †ek wKQz Amyweav i‡q‡Q| †hgb-

1. RvZxq Avq e„w×i nvi A‡cÿv RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi †ewk n‡j RvZxq Avq e„w× cvIqv m‡Ë¡I gv_vwcQz Avq I RxebhvÎvi gvb n«vm cvq|

2. ‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb †KejgvÎ RvZxq Av‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv; eis Zv RvZxq Av‡qi e›U‡bi DciI wbf©i K‡i| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki RvZxq Avq e„w× cvIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv hw` gywó‡gq myweav‡fvMx e¨w³i nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K Zvn‡j mvaviY gvby‡l RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× cvq bv|

3. DbœZ †`‡k g~‡j¨i w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq _v‡K e‡j cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq wbiæcb Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k `ªe¨g~j¨ LyeB Aw¯’wZkxj| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y `ªe¨g~j¨ DVvbvgv K‡i|

4. AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i Kvi‡Y m„ó evwYwR¨K NvUwZi `iæb gy`ªvgv‡bi Aeg~j¨vqY n‡j †Kv‡bv †`‡ki RvZxq Avq wbiæcb Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o|

gv_vwcQz Avq: A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB gv_vwcQz cÖK…Z Avq‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cwigvcK ev m~PK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| A_©bxwZwe` †gqvi Gi g‡Z, ÒA_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g `xN©Kvj a‡i gv_vwcQy cÖK…Z Av‡qi e„w× N‡UÓ|

Aa¨vcK cj e¨viv‡bi g‡Z, Ò`xN©Kvj a‡i P‡j Avmv gv_vwcQz `ª‡e¨i ewa©Z cwigvb‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cwigvcK ejv hvq|Ó

Z‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cwigv‡ci m~PK wn‡m‡e gv_vwcQz Av‡qi aviYv‡K e¨envi Kivi †ÿ‡Î KwZcq Amyweav i‡q‡Q| h_v:

1. A_©‰bwZK †Kv‡bv KvVv‡gvMZ ev ¸YMZ cwieZ©b QvovB Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq I gv_vwcQz Avq e„wÏ †c‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- nVvr K‡i †Zj cªvwßi Kvi‡Y ga¨cÖv‡P¨i †`k¸‡jvi gv_vwcQy Avq †e‡o‡Q| wKš‘ G me †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv KvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©b Av‡mwb| G †ÿ‡Î gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wb‡`©k K‡i bv|

2. RvZxq Av‡qi e›Ub hw` Amg nq; †`‡ki Drcvw`Z m¤ú` hw` gywó‡gq ‡jv‡Ki nv‡Z cywÄf~Z _v‡K Zvn‡j gv_vwcQz Avq evo‡jI mvaviY gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ nq bv| e¯‘Zt ˆelg¨g~jK e›Ub e¨e¯’vq gv_vwcQz Av‡qi wfwË‡Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwigvc Kiv nvm¨¯ú` Qvov Avi wKQzB bq|

3. A‡bK mgq †fvM¨ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cwie‡Z© mgiv¯¿ Drcv`b Kiv n‡jI gv_vwcQz Avq evo‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G‡Z RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ nqbv|

A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY: A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi wfwË‡ZI †KD †KD A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwigv‡ci K_v e‡jb| G‡`i g‡Z, `ªe¨ I †mev †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Kj¨vY e„w× cvq| A_©vr gvbyl AwaK `ªe¨ I †mev †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zv‡`i Kj¨vY e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡j aiv nq|

A_©bxwZwe` IKvb I wiPvW©mb Gi g‡Z, ÒA_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡jv ˆelwqK DbœwZi Ae¨vnZ cÖmvi hv `ªe¨ I †mevi ewa©Z Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvk cvq|Ó

A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY‡K Dbœq‡bi m~PK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kivi ‡ÿ‡ÎI †ek wKQz Amyweav i‡q‡Q| h_v:

1. RvZxq Av‡qi Ae¨vnZ e„w× A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY e„w×i cwiPvqK -G aviYv ev¯Í‡ei mv‡_ hyw³hy³ bq| AbybœZ †`‡k †`Lv hvq †h, RvZxq Av‡qi e„w×i d‡j abx‡`i Avq e„w× Ge© Mix‡`i Av‡iv Mixe nIqvi hvZbv e„w×| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, m¤ú‡`i e›U‡bi gva¨‡g me©¯Í‡ii RbM‡bi mvwe©©K Kj¨vY e„w× †c‡jB A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡q‡Q Ggb K_v ejv hvq|

2. `ªe¨ I †mevi cwigvc Ki‡Z nq g~‡j¨i gva‡g¨| wKš‘ `ªe¨ I ‡mevi cwigvb AcwiewZ©Z _vKv m‡Ë¡I ïay g~j¨¯Íi e„w×i d‡j A‡_©i gva¨‡g cwigvcK…Z Kj¨vY e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| wKš‘ G cwigvc Kj¨vb e„w× wb‡`©k K‡i bv|

3. A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY †Kej `ªe¨mvgMªxi Drcv`‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv; eis G me `ªe¨ cÖK…wZi DciI wbf©i K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv `wi`ª †`‡k wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq I Avek¨Kxq `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b bv K‡i gywó‡gq abx †jv‡Ki Rb¨ AcÖ‡qvRbxq I ÿwZKi wejvm `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY e„w×‡Z mnvqK bq|

gvbe Dbœqb m~PK: m¤úªwZ RvwZmsN A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwigv‡ci GK bZzb gvcKvwV ev m~PK D™¢veb K‡i‡Q| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwigv‡ci G c×wZi bvg Ôgvbe Dbœqb m~PKÕ| G c×wZ‡Z RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Øviv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwigvc Kiv nq| G c×wZ Abyhvqx, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z †Kej gv_vwcQw Avq e„w×i cwie‡Z© RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb‡K eySvq| Avi RxebhvÎvi gvb ZLbB nq, hLb (1) gv_vwcQz Avq e„w× cvq, (2) wkÿvi nvi e„w× cvq, (3) gvby‡li Avqy®‹vj e„w× cvq, (4) Rb¥nvi I g„Zz¨nvi n«vm cvq, (5) `ªe¨g~j¨ w¯’wZkxj _v‡K, (6) †eKvi mgm¨v me©wb¤œ ¯Í‡i _v‡K, (7) evm¯’vb mgm¨v Abycw¯’Z _v‡K (8) RbMY gy³- ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|

Z‡e gvbe Dbœqb m~P‡KiI mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| gv_vwcQz Av‡qi g‡Zv GB m~PKI MÖvg Ges kni GjvKvi gvby‡li g‡a¨, bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ Ges abx I `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ Avqy¯‹vj, mvÿiZv I µq ÿgZvi ˆelg¨ cÖf„wZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwigv‡ci Rb¨ A_©bxwZwe`Mb cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq, gv_vwcQz cÖK…Z Avq, A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY, gvbe Dbœqb cÖf…wZ wewfbœ m~PK e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| cÖwZwU m~P‡KiB mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †Kv‡bv m~PKB GKKfv‡e ¯Íi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq|

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c~e© kZ©

‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb KZK¸‡jv †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| G¸‡jv‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœqbi c~e© kZ© ejv nq| e¯‘Z †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb †Kej KZK¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv; eis Zv ‡m †`‡ki ivRbxwZK, ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi DciI wbf©ikxj| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Gme c~e©-kZ©¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

· cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`t †h †`‡k cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` hZ †ewk, †m †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m¤¢vebvI ZZ †ewk| e¯‘Z c„w_exi AwaKvsk Dbœ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q †m †`‡ki ch©vß cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`|

· `ÿ Rbkw³t cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ `ÿ Rbkw³ cÖ‡qvRb| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`B †Kej h‡_ó bq| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi g‡Zv mÿgZv _vKv `iKvi|

· RbM‡Yi `„wófw½t RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ AvZ¥cÖZ¨q I Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ AvMÖn A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨K| RbMZ hw` A`„óevw` nq Ges Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ D`vmxb _v‡K Zv n‡j †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Dbœqb m¤¢eci nq bv|

· g~jab MVbt cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` mg~n c~Y©iƒ‡c e¨envi K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z n‡j g~ja‡bi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb| g~jab MVb mÂ‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj|

· mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK eywbqv`t A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †`‡k me©v‡MÖ DbœZ cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, iv¯Ív-NvU, evua, ¯‹zj- K‡jR, we`y¨r e¨e¯’v cÖf~wZ ¯’vqx g~jab m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK eywbqv` DbœZ bv n‡jZvi `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢e bq|

· e¨vcK wkÿv we¯Ívit †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e wkÿvi we¯Ívi bv n‡j †jv‡Ki Ávb I `„wófw½ cÖk¯Í nq bv| Gi d‡j Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq| Kv‡RB A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿvi cÖmvi GKvšÍ Riæix|

· KvwiMwi Ávbt Drcv`‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© †h †`k hZ †ewk Ávb jvf Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e †m †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m¤¢vebvI ZZ AwaK| e¯‘Z BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ †`‡ki e¨vcK I `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q AvaywbK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi Kjv-‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© cÖPzi Ávb|

· `ÿ D‡`¨v³v †kÖYxt D‡`¨v³vivB SzuwK MÖnY K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `ÿ I m„Rbkxj D‡`¨v³vi cÖ‡qvRb|

· RvZxq †bZ…e„‡›`i f~wgKvt †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›` hv` cÖwZwµqvkxj, ¯^v_©ci I `ybx©wZcivqY nq Zvn‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢eci bq| mgv‡Ri me †kÖYxi †bZ…e„›`‡K Dbœqb cÖqvmx n‡Z n‡e Ges Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvZ¥Z¨vM Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z n‡e|

· RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Yt µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi fi-‡cvlY Ki‡Z hw` †`‡ki RvZxq Avq wbt‡kl n‡q hvq Zvn‡j g~jab MV‡bi Rb¨ mÂq m¤¢eci nqbv| ZvB Kvg¨ gvÎv RbmsL¨v _vKv Avek¨K|

· AbyK~j mvgvwRK I agx©q cwi‡ekt A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek cÖ‡qvRb| ag©xq †Mvovgx, msKxY©Zv, AÜ wek¦vm, Kzms¯‹vi, eb©cÖ_v cÖf…wZ mvgvwRK I ag©xq cÖ_v Dbœq‡bi c‡_ evav m„wó K‡i|

· ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvt ‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki ivRbxwZ w¯’wZkxj bv _vK‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢eci nq bv| kw³kvjx ¯’vqx miKvB †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `xN© †gqv`x cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi

A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cÖwKqv‡K KZK¸‡jv ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv nq| wewfbœ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb N‡U KZK¸‡jv ¯Íi ev avc AwZµ‡gi gva¨‡g| e¯‘ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi G‡jvcv_vwo ev Aweb¨¯Ífv‡e †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Dbœqb N‡U bv; eis GKwU wbw`©ó I c~e©wba©vwiZ ¯Íiµg Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡gB cÖwZwU †`‡ki Dbœqb N‡U| G¸‡jv‡K weKvk cÖwµqvi ¯Íi eiv nq|

cÖL¨vZ gvwK©b A_©bxwZwe` Aa¨vcK i‡÷v A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi HwZnvwmK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z, †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Dbœqb N‡U KZK¸‡jv ¯Íi ev avc AwZµ‡gi gva¨‡g| GRb¨ Zvi ZË¡wU Ô¯ÍiZË¡Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Aa¨vcK i‡÷v A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cÖwµqv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ cvuPwU ¯Í‡i fvM K‡i‡Qbt

1. cÖv_wgK ¯Íi

2. cÖ¯‘wZ ¯Íi

3. DVwZ ¯Íi

4. AvZ¥wbf©ikxj ¯Íi I

5. D”P MY‡fvM ¯Íi|

cÖv_wgK ¯Íi: A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq‡K MZvbyMwZK mgvR ev cÖv_wgK ¯Íi ejv nq| G ¯Í‡i Drcv`‡bi cwigvb LyeB Kg| MZvbyMwZK mgv‡R K…wlB n‡jv cÖavb Aej¤^b| †`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK K…wlKv‡R wbhy³ _v‡K | AwaKvsk †jv‡Ki †ckv K„wl n‡jI K…wl Drcv`b c×wZ cÖvPxb I mv‡eKx ai‡Yi| d‡j K…wl Drcv`v‡bi cwigvb LyeB Kg| G ¯Í‡i †`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK Af¨šÍ‡i mvgvwRK wek„sLjv I ivR‰bwZK AwbðqZv we`¨gvb _v‡K| G me Kvi‡Y MZvbyMwZK mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi nvi AZ¨šÍ axi I gš’i _v‡K|

cÖ¯‘wZ ¯Íi: A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi wØZxq ¯Íi‡K cÖ¯‘wZ ¯Íi ejv nq| GUv Ggb GK ¯Íi hLb mgvR cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡K DbœwZi c‡_ AMÖmi nevi cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e© c`vc©b K‡i| G ch©v‡q A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b MwZ‡eM mÂv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZôvbMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Ges †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi AbyK~j cwi‡k M‡o I‡V| mgv‡R wkÿvi wfwË cÖmvwiZ nq Ges weÁvb I KvwiMix Áv‡bi wKQz weKvk N‡U| G ¯Í‡i mgv‡R GK †kÖYxi D‡`¨v³vi Avwef©ve N‡U| hviv SuywK MÖnY K‡i cyuwR wewb‡qv‡M AvMÖnx nq| G ¯Í‡i RvZxq Av‡qi GKUv †gvUv Ask K…wl n‡Z wk‡í wb‡qvM Kiv nq| cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e© mvaviYZ RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 5 fvM ch©šÍ cywRu MV‡b wb‡qvM Kiv nq| †`‡k wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewÿßfv‡‡e wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o IV‡Z _v‡K| e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb M‡o I‡V| mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖwZ Rbmvavi‡bi Drmvn †`Lv hvq| cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| MZvbyMwZK mgv‡R †h mvgvwRK wek„sLjv I ivR‰bwZK AwbðqZv _v‡K Zv A‡bKvs‡k `~i nq| Giæc mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †ek wKQz cwieZ©b †`Lv †`q| Z‡e Drcv`‡bi cwigvb Lye GKUv ‡ewk evo‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, G ¯Í‡i mgvR MZvbyMwZK ¯Íi †_‡K m‡egvÎ DbœwZi c‡_ AMÖmi nq| Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z _vBj¨vÛ, K‡¤^vwWqv, †Kwbqv, Bw_Iwcqv cÖf„wZ †`k A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi cÖ¯‘wZ ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q|

DVwZ ¯Íi: A_©‰bwZK µgweKv‡ki Z…Zxq ¯Íi‡K DVwZ ¯Íi ev DËiY ce© ejv nq| G ¯Í‡i Dbœq‡bi c‡_ wewfbœ Amyweav¸‡jv `~ixf~Z nq Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb GKwU ¯^qswµq i~c aviY K‡i| Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, “The take-off is the interval when the old blocks and resistances to steady growth are finally overcome”| G ¯Í‡i bZzb bZzb wkí cÖwZôAb M‡o D‡V Ges Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM- myweav e„w× cvq| AwaKZi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi d‡j †`‡k mÂq I g~jab MVb e„w× cvq| G ¯Í‡i mvaviYZ RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 5 n‡Z 10 fvM wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î bZzb bZzb Kjv‡KŠkj I cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM N‡U| K…wl I wkí †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| d‡j Drcv`‡bi cwigvb e„w× cvq| Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, ÒG ¯Í‡i †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv Ggbfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq, hvi d‡j `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cwi‡ek M‡o I‡V Ges cieZx©Kv‡j GKwU w¯’wZkxj Dbœq‡bi nvi Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|Ó

mvaviYZ GKwU †`k 20 n‡Z 30 eQi G ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 1819 wLª. n‡Z 1848 wLª. ch©šÍ mgq‡K †MÖU weª‡U‡bi DVwZKvj ejv nq| Aek¨ †Kvb †Kvb †`k Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨I DVwZKvj AwZµg K‡i| †hgb, mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb gvÎ 10 n‡Z 12 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B (1929- 1940) G ¯Íi AwZµg Ki‡Z mÿg nq| eZ©gv‡b †h mg¯Í †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi G ¯Íi i‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ fviZ, wdwjcvBb, wPwj, †gw·‡Kv cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

AvZ¥wbf©ikxj ¯Íi: A_©‰bwZK µgweKv‡ki BwZnv‡m GwU n‡jv PZz_© ¯Íi| G ¯Í‡i Drcv`b c×wZi we‡kl DbœwZ N‡U Ges A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e NU‡Z _v‡K| G ¯Í‡i Drcv`b c×wZi we‡kl DbœwZ N‡U Ges A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e NU‡Z _v‡K| bZyb bZzb Kj-KviLvbv I wkí cÖwZôvb `ªæZ MwZ‡Z evo‡Z _v‡K| G ¯Í‡i ‡`‡k †gŠwjK I fvix wkí M‡o D‡V| G ch©v‡q †Kv‡bv †`k‡K cy‡ivcywi ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I F‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj _vK‡Z nq bv| †h mg¯Í `ªe¨mvgMÖx Av‡M we‡`k n‡Z Avg`vwb Kiv nZ †m¸‡jv G ¯Í‡i †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡iB Drcvw`Z nq| Drcv`b nvi RbmsL¨v e„w×i MwZi †P‡q †ewk _v‡K| ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Drcv`b evov‡bvi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| G ¯Í‡i †Kvb †`k Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Ki‡Z mÿg| G ¯Í‡i mvavibZ RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 10 fvM n‡Z 20 fvM ch©šÍ cyuwR MV‡b wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, ÒDVwZ ¯Íi n‡Z AvZ¥wbf©ikxj ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡Z GKwU †`‡ki cÖvq 60 eQi mgq jv‡M|Ó

D”P MY‡fvM ¯Íi: A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ‡kl ch©vq n‡jv D”P MY‡fvM ¯Íi| G ch©v‡q AmsL¨ wkí- cÖwZôvb Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| gvby‡li Avivg Av‡qk I myL- ¯^v”Q‡›`¨i Rb¨ †h me wRwb‡mi cÖ‡qvRb Zv meB G ¯Í‡i cvIqv hvq| Rbmvavi‡bi g‡a¨ Lv`¨, e¯¿ I evm¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ †fv‡Mi AwZwi³ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, Dbœq‡bi G ch©v‡q ÔKj¨vY ivóªÕ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| G ¯Í‡i †jv‡Ki gv_vwcQz cÖK„Z Avq eûj cwigv‡b e„w× cvq| gvwK©bhy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, Rvg©vbx, KvbvWv, Rvcvb cÖf…wZ †`k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi G ¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡q‡Q|

Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, D”P MY‡fvM- c‡e©i c‡i †`k Ggb GK ch©v‡q DbœxZ nq hLb gvby‡li Avi †Kv‡bv Afve _v‡K bv Ges gvby‡li RvMwZK Afve A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cvq | G ¯Í‡i gvbyl †fvM- wejv‡m AwaKZi AvMÖnx nq| †Kv‡bv Afve _v‡K bv e‡j G ¯Í‡i gvbyl AwaK mšÍvb- mš‘wZ iv‡fi Rb¨ AvMÖnx nq|

i‡÷vi ¯Í‡ii mgv‡jvPbv:

Aa¨vcK i‡÷v A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †h ¯Íiweb¨vm K‡i‡Qb Zv‡K bvbv fv‡e mgv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ my¯úó mxgv‡iLv KivUv LyeB KwVb| KviY, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡jv GKwU `xN©Kvjxb cÖwµqv I cÖevngvb aviv| A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki wewfbœ ¯ÍiM‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e RwoZ| G ¯Íi¸‡jv‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv hvq bv| myZivs i‡÷v A_©‰bwZK µgweKv‡ki †h cvuPwU mywbw`©ó ¯Íi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Zv cy‡ivcywi MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|

2. A_©‰bwZK µgweKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ¯Íi msµvšÍ Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi aviYvwUI mgv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK i‡÷v †h cvuPwU ¯Í‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv me Ae¯’vq cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| KviY, A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †h, ivóª GKwU we‡kl ¯Íi‡K AwZµg K‡i Ab¨ ¯Í‡i DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb, †Kv‡bv ivóª A‡bK mgq cÖ¯‘wZ ¯Íi †_‡K mivmwi AvZ¥wbf©ikxj ¯Í‡i †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡i|

3. Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, DVwZ ¯Íi †_‡K AvZ¥wbf©ikxj ¯Í‡i †cuŠQ‡Z GKwU †`‡ki 60 eQi mgq jv‡M| i‡÷vi G aviYvI åvšÍ cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| KwZcq cvðvZ¨ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi AwfÁZvi wfwË‡Z i‡÷v G wm×v‡š DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb; wKš‘ mgvRZvwš¿K †`kmg~n A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ G ¯Íi AwZµg K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq †h, 1920 mv‡ji c~e© ch©šÍ mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqv g~jZ K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj GKwU AbybœZ †`k wQ‡jv, wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g gvÎ 35 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb ÔAvZ¥wbf©ikxj ¯Í‡iÕ †cuvQ‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|

4. Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi g‡Z, D”P †fvM ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bvi ciB †Kej Kj¨vY ivóª cÖwZôv Kiv hvq; wKš‘ Kj¨vY iv‡óªi G aviYvI cy‡ivcywi wVK bq| KviY, A‡bK †`k cyuwRev`x †`k D”P MY‡fvM ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bv m‡Ë¡I me †kÖbxi RbMb mgvb my‡hvM- myweav jvf K‡ibv| Ab¨w`‡K mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv D”P MY‡fvM ¯Í‡ii A‡bK wb‡P _vKv m‡Ë¡I me †kÖYxi RbMb my‡hvM- myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB Kj¨vY ivóª m¤^‡Ü i‡÷vi aviYv wVK bq|

5. D”P MY‡fvM ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bvi ci i‡÷v †h MY‡fv‡Mi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv GKwU Aev¯Íe aviYv| gvbyl PvwnevgvÎB mewKQz jvf Ki‡e Ges mgv‡R Afve e‡j †Kv‡bv wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e bv- gvbe mgv‡Ri Giƒc Ae¯’v wPšÍv Kiv wbQK KíbvgvÎ|

G me Kvi‡Y Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¯Íiwem¨v‡mi cÖwµqvwU‡K mgv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q; wKš‘ wewfbœ ÎæwU m‡Ë¡I A_©‰bwZK µg weKv‡ki aviv we‡køl‡Y Aa¨vcK i‡÷vi c×wZ AwaKZi we‡kølYagx© I weÁvbm¤§Z we‡ewPZ nq|

evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †Kvb ¯Í‡i Aew¯’Z (i‡÷vi ¯Íiweb¨vm Abyhvqx)

cÖvq 200 eQ‡ii weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb Ges 25 eQ‡ii cvwK¯’vbxi kvm‡bi bvMcvk †_‡K gy³ n‡q weR‡qi 40 eQi cvi Ki‡Q G‡`k| `xN© Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi mgq evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv Dbœqb nqwb| evsiv‡`k GLbI K…wl wbf©iB i‡q †M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 75 fvM †jvKB K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| K…wl‡Z GLbI cÖvPxb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, Drcv`b c×wZ ÎæwUc~Y©| ZvQvov wkí †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡k GLbI AbybœZ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡b wk‡íi Ae`vb kZKiv 22 fvM gvÎ| G Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿ‡Z A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, evsjv‡`k GLbI Dbœq‡bi cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q|

Z‡e m~ÿè we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, mv¤úªwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z h‡_ó cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| K…wl †ÿ‡Î hvwš¿K †mP e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b Ges ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUbvkK Jla I D”P djbkxj ex‡Ri e¨vcK e¨env‡ii d‡j K…wl Drcv`b h‡_ó e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci G ch©šÍ †`‡k wØ-evwl©Kx cwiKíbvmn cvuPwU evwlK©x cwiKíbvi †gqv` †kl n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b wRwWwc-‡Z wkímn AK…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK cÖe„wÏi nviI µgk evo‡Q| 1990-91 mv‡j wRwWwc cÖe„wÏi nvi wQ‡jv kZKiv 3.4 fvM| 1997-98 mv‡j cÖe„w`|i nvi kZKiv 5.7 fvM| 1998-99 mv‡j kZKiv 5.2 fvM Ges 2006-07 mv‡j kZKiv 6.51 fvM cÖe„w× AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| 1990-91 mv‡j Af¨šÍixY mÂ‡qi cwigvb wQ‡jv †gvU wRwWwcÕi kZKiv 4.1 fvM| 2006-07 mv‡j Af¨šÍixY mÂ‡qi cwigvb wQ‡jv †gvU wRwWwcÕi kZKiv 20.46 fvM| Abyiƒcfv‡e, 1990-91 mv‡j wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvb wQ‡jv †gvU wRwWwcÕi kZKiv 11.5 fvM| 2006-07 mv‡j wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvb `vwo‡q‡Q †gvU wRwWwci kZKiv 24.33 fvM|

myZivs mv¤úªwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡q‡Q Ges K…wl, wkí, †mev Lv‡Z AMÖMwZ AwR©Z n‡”Q| eZ©gvb ch©v‡q evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi GK hyMmwÜÿ‡Y G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| GgZve¯’vq i‡÷vi Dbœqb ¯Íi KvVv‡gvi Avw½‡K ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`k eZ©gv‡b A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ÔcÖ¯‘wZ ¯Í‡iÕ i‡q‡Q|

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c×wZ

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj I c×wZ wKiƒc nIqv DwPZ †m m¯^‡Ü A_©bxwZwe`M‡bi g‡a¨ h‡_ó gZ‡e` i‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© eZ©gv‡b `yÕ‡Uv ZË¡ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| h_vt

1. fvimvg¨ Dbœqb c×wZ

2. Afvimvg¨ Dbœqb c×wZ

fvimvg¨ Dbœqb c×wZ: cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe` ivMbvi bvK©m Ges †iv‡mb‡Ub †ivWvg fvimvg¨ wewkó Dbœqb c×wZi cÖe³v| Zv‡`i g‡Z, AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv `vwi‡`ªi GK `yóP‡µ Ave×| G me AbybœZ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j G `vwi`ª e„Ë‡K †f‡½ †dj‡Z n‡e| GKgvÎ fvimvg¨ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡gB G `vwi`ª e„Ë‡K †f‡½ †djv m¤¢e| bvK©‡mi g‡Z, A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖavb cÖwZeÜK n‡jv Pvwn`vi ¯^íZv| G Pvwn`vi ¯^íZv g~jZ wb¤œ Avq ¯Íi †_‡K D™¢~Z| AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi Avq¯Íi Kg e‡j †jv‡Ki µq ÿgZv Kg Ges Pvwn`vI Kg| ZvB D‡`¨v³MY wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z Drmvnx nq bv| wewb‡qvM cÖeYZv‡K evwo‡q Zzj‡Z n‡j evRvi Pvwn`v e„wÏ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|; A_©vr Dchy³ Pvwn`v m„wó KivB n‡jv Dbœq‡bi cÖk¯Í c_|

G D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ wk‡íi cÖmvi cÖ‡qvRb| †Kv‡bv hw` GKKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq Zvn‡j Zv wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, †Kv‡bv GKwU wkí cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ kÖwgKiv GKKfv‡e G cÖwZôv‡b Drcvw`Z me c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡hgb- †`‡k GKwU bZzb Kvc‡oi Kj cÖwZwôZ n‡j H KviLvbvq wb‡qvwRZ kÖwgK‡`i Avq e„w× cv‡e; wKš‘ H kªwgKiv hv Avq Ki‡e Zvi meUvB Kvc‡oi Rb¨ e¨q Ki‡e bv| G Ae¯’vq H KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z Kvc‡oi meUvB evRv‡i wewµ n‡e bv| d‡j cieZx©Kv‡j Kvc‡oi Drcv`b n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e; wKš‘ hw` GKB m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ wkí M‡o I‡V Zvn‡j Ab¨vb¨ wk‡í fvimvg¨ I mvgÄm¨c~Y© cyuwR wewb‡qvM Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU wk‡íi cÖmvi NU‡e Ges †`‡ki Dbœqb wbwðZ n‡e|

Afvimvg¨ Dbœqb c×wZ: Afvimvg¨ Dbœqb c×wZi cÖavb cÖe³v n‡jb Aa¨vcK AvjevU© nvk©g¨vb Ges n¨vÝ wm½vi| Zv‡`i g‡Z, A_©bxwZi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î fvimvg¨ wb‡qvM e¨e¯’vi cwie‡Z© we‡kl we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿ‡Î cywÄf~Z wewb‡qvM c×wZ AbybœZ †`‡ki `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Aa¨vcK nvk©g¨v‡bi g‡Z, Dbœq‡bi c_ fvimv‡g¨i c_ bq| GUv AvKl©b, cÖmviY Ges Pv‡ci c_|

Amg Dbœqb ZË¡ Abyhvqx, GKwU wk‡í wewb‡qvM †Kw›`ªf~Z Ki‡j Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwK©Z wkí¸‡jv‡ZI Pvc m„wó Ki‡e| d‡j Zv‡`i cÖmviYI NU‡e| e¯‘Z GKwU wbw`©ó cwiKíbv Abyhvqx A_©bxwZi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î fvimvg¨nxb wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb NUv‡bv n‡jv Amg Dbœqb Z‡Ë¡i g~j K_v|

Aa¨vcK nvk©g¨v‡bi g‡Z, AbybœZ †`‡k m¤ú‡`i `y®úvc¨Zv i‡q‡Q| G Ae¯’vq Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ ‡ÿ‡Î fvimvg¨ cyuwR wewb‡qvM Kivi cwie‡Z© KZK¸‡jv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Lv‡Z †Kw›`ªf~Z Kiv DwPZ| Aek¨ wewfbœ ‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wewb‡qvM Ggb fv‡e ebUb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z me©vwaK ÔcÖ‡YvwaZ wewb‡qvMÕ m„wó nq| †Kvb w`‡K wewb‡qvM Kvg¨ Zv wePvi Ki‡Z n‡j Aci wkí cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ Zv KZUv Uvb I Pvc m„wó K‡i Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| G Uvb I Pvc‡K GK K_vq Ômshyw³i cÖfveÕ ejv nq| †hgb- ÔKÕ wk‡íi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ hw` ÔLÕ wk‡íi Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j ÔKÕ wk‡íi cÖmvi ÔLÕ wkíwUi Dcv`v‡bi †hvMvb myjf Ki‡e Ges ÔLÕ wk‡íi cv`b e„w×i Rb¨ Pvc m„wó Ki‡e|

Aa¨vcK nvk©g¨v‡bi g‡Z, †h me wk‡íi †gvU mshyw³ cÖfve me©vwaK, wewb‡qvM cÖqvm †m me wk‡íB †Kw›`ªf~Z Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e m‡eŸvP© mshyw³i cÖfve mg„× †ÿ‡Î fvimvg¨nxbfv‡e wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡j AbybœZ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z n‡e| Gme Kvi‡Y Aa¨vcK nvk©g¨vb, wm½vi cÖgyL A_©bxwZwe`MY AbybœZ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A-fvimvg¨ wewkó Dbœqb c×wZ mg_©b K‡i| AbybœZ †`‡ki g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv Ges D‡`¨v‡Mi Afv‡ei cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Afvimvg¨wewkó Dbœqb c×wZ AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Dbœq‡bi †Kvb c×wZ AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx

GKwU †`‡ki Rb¨ Dbœq‡bi †Kvb c×wZ Dc‡hvMx Zv eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i †m †`‡ki mvgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ I cwi‡e‡ki Dci| mvaviYZ DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z fvimvg¨wewkó Dbœqb c×wZ AwaKZi Kvh©Kix n‡q _v‡K| G me †`‡k evwYR¨ PµRwbZ g›`vi mgq Kvh©Kix Pvwn`v c~Y© K‡i c~Y© wb‡qvM ¯Íi eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ me wk‡íi fvimvg¨ I mvgÄm¨c~Y© Dbœqb GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb; wKš‘ AbybœZ †`‡ki †ÿ‡Î A-fvimvg¨wewkó Dbœqb AwaZi Dc‡hvMx e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

evsjv‡`k c„w_exi `wi`ªZg †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| evsjv‡`‡ki †ewkifvM †jvK `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P Rxeb-hvcb K‡i| †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 75 fvM †jvK cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwKQz Avq Kg Ges mÿg ÿgZvI Kg| myZiv evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM‡hvM¨ m¤ú‡`i Zxeª Afve i‡q‡Q Ges Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv M‡o D‡Vwb| G Ae¯’vq evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ fvimvg¨wewkó Dbœqb c×wZ A‡cÿv Afvimvg¨wewkó Dbœqb c×wZ MÖnY KivB AwaKZi evÃbxq|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœ‡qi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q K…wli Dci AwaK nv‡i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e| Avg‡`i RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv 48 fvM K…wl n‡Z Av‡m| myZivs K…wli Drcv`b e„w× †c‡j †`‡ki Lv`¨ NvUwZ `~i n‡e, wk‡íi cÖ‡qvRbxq KvuPvgvj cvIqv hv‡e, DØ„Ë K…wl cY¨ we‡`‡k idZvwb K‡i AwaK ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e Ges G ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbg‡q we‡`k n‡Z wk‡íi cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ I KvuPvgvi Avg`vwb Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| Gi d‡j wk‡íi `ªæZ Dbœqb wbwðZ n‡e Ges cieZ©x Kv‡j A_©bxwZi Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡ZiI weKvk NU‡e| G Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©‡q me wk‡íi cÖwZ mgvb ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv †gv‡UB wVK n‡e bv|

eZ©gvb ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z KZK¸‡jv we‡kl †ÿ‡Î; †hgb- K…wl, cvwb I we`¨yr, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM, wkÿv, fvix wkí cÖf…wZi Dci AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv DwPZ| myZivs evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Afvimvg¨wewkó Dbœqb c×wZ AbymiY Kiv DwPZ|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ cÖavb euvav

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ wewfbœ cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q| A_©‡bwZj Dbœh‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv AbyK~j mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek| wKš‘ AwaKvsk AbybœZ †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡e‡ki Afve i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ wewfbœ Av_©mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q| GLb Gme evav¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

· cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZvt AbybœZ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ Ab¨Zg cÖavb cÖwZeÜK n‡jv ch©vß cªvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv ch©vß cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Ges Zvi myôz e¨envi| wKš‘ AwaKvsk AbybœZ †`‡k cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov DbœZ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji Afv‡e G me cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| myZivs cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv Ges Zvi Am¤ú~Y© e¨envi evsj‡`‡ki g‡Zv AbybœZ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i|

· `ÿ Rbkw³i Afvet evsjv‡`‡k 16 †KvwU gvby‡li evm| wKš‘ G RbmsL¨vi weivU AskB A`ÿ, AwkwÿZ| `ÿ Rbkw³i Afv‡e †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|

· DbœZ `„wófw½i Afvet A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gvby‡li g‡b cÖej AvKv•ÿv _vKv PvB| cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Dbœqbag©x ‰eÁvwbK `„wófw½i| wKš‘ AwaKvsk AbybœZ †`‡k G Dbœqbag©x `„wófw½i Afve i‡q‡Q|

· g~ja‡bi Afvet evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK `wi`ª Ges Zv‡`i gv_vwcQz Avq Kg| d‡j mÂq I g~jab MV‡bi nvi AZ¨šÍ Kg| cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi Afv‡e G †`‡ki Dbœqb we‡kl fv‡e e¨vnZ n‡”Q|

· `ye©j A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gvt `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Dbœqb Dc‡hvMx A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv Avek¨K| wKš‘ G‡`‡k cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, wkÿv KvVv‡gv, we`y¨r e¨e¯’v cÖf…wZ DbœwZ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK eywbqv` M‡o bv IVvi Kvi‡Y A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡”Q bv|

· wkÿvi Afvet †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e wkÿvi cÖmvi bv NU‡j gvby‡li Ávb I `„wófw½ cÖk¯Í nqbv| Gi d‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq| G †`‡ki gvÎ 60 fvM †jvK wkwÿZ| Z‡e Zv wb‡qI i‡q‡Q weZK©|

· KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afvet Drcv`‡bi DbœZ Kjv‡KŠkj Ges AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ m¤^‡Ü c~Y© Ávb Qvov `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢eci bq| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv AbybœZ †`kmg~‡Z `ÿ I KvwiMwi Ávb m¤úbœ †jv‡Ki Afv‡e Dbœqb e¨vnZ n‡q _v‡K|

· `ÿ D‡`¨v³vi Afvet evsjv‡`‡k Drcv`‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Ávb m¤úbœ Ges Drcv`‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq SuywK enbKvix mvsMVwbK ev D‡`¨v³vi GKvšÍ Afve i‡q‡Q|

· ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªvi Afvet we‡`wk hš¿cvwZ I mvRmiÄvg µq Ki‡Z cÖPzi ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ eûgyLx bv nIqvq cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b nqbv| ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi Afv‡e Dbœqb Kvh©µg e¨vnZ nq|

· cÖwZK~j mvgvwRK I ag©xq cwi‡ekt A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK I ag©xq cwi‡ek AbyK~j bq| eis ag©xq †Mvovgx, msKxY©Zv, AÜ wek¦vm, Kzms¯‹vi, eb©cÖ_v cÖf…wZ mvgvwRK I ag©xq cÖ_v Dbœq‡bi c‡_ evav m„wó K‡i|

· `ªæZ RbmsL¨v e„w×t evsjv‡`‡k `ªæZ MwZ‡Z RbmsL¨v †e‡o P‡j‡Q| wKš‘ †m Zzjbvq Drcv`b evov‡bv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| `ªæ RbmsL¨v e„w×i Pvc co‡Z Drcv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i| †eKviZ¡ Kg‡Q bv cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx|

· ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi Afvet evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z me©`v Aw¯’wZkxjZv weivR K‡i| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| gv‡S gv‡S g‡b nq G †hb ÔGK bZzb cvwK¯ÍvbÕ| †`‡k ‰¯^iZš¿ fi K‡i‡Q evi evi| GLb weivR Ki‡Q `yÕ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cvwievwiK kvmb| miKvi cwieZ©b nq wKš‘ gvby‡li fvM¨ cwieZ©b nq bv| †Kbbv Zviv †Kej wb‡R‡`i Av‡Li †MvQv‡ZB e¨¯Í _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡ki b¨vq Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j Dbœq‡bi c‡_ †h me cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q Zv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| G D‡Ï‡k wb‡¤œvwjwLZ c`‡ÿZ mg~n MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-

o RbM‡bi `„wófwói cwieZ©bt A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ RbM‡bi `„wófw½i cwieZ©b Kiv `iKvi| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mydj m¤ú‡K© RbM‡bi g‡b my¯úó aviYvi m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e Ges RbMb‡K Dbœqb cÖZ¨vkx K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|

o wkÿv we¯Ívit wkÿvi e¨vcK cÖmvi we¯Ívi Qvov A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK AwkwÿZ I wbiÿi| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K Zivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wkÿvi e¨vcK we¯Ívi NUv‡Z n‡e| †`‡k AwaK msL¨K ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZóvi gva¨‡g wkÿvi my‡hvM- myweav e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|

o KvwiMwi wkÿvt †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z Ki‡Z Ki‡Z n‡j mvaviY wkÿvi cvkvcvwk KvwiMwi wkÿvi we¯Ívi NUv‡Z n‡e| †`‡k AwaK msL¨K KvwiMwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb I cÖwkÿY †K›`ª ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ I Kjv‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j kÖwg‡Ki Kg©`ÿZv e„w× cv‡e Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z n‡e|

o g~jab MVbt A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ g~jab MVb Acwinvh©| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k g~jab MV‡bi nvi LyeB Kg| G Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡`i cwigvb e„w× K‡i †`‡k g~jab MV‡bi nvi evov‡Z n‡e Ges †`kx I we‡`kx wewb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

o cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i e¨envit evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj cÖPyi Ae¨eüZ I Abvwe®‹…Z cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| DbœZ cÖhyw³ I AvaywbK Kjv‡KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g G me Ae¨eüZ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

o `ÿ D‡`¨v³v †kÖYx m„wót A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †`‡k `ÿ D‡`¨v³v †kÖYx M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| Drcv`bKvixiv hv‡Z h_v‡hvM¨ m¤§vb I gh©v`v cvq Ges wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i, †m Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM- myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

o RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Yt evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k `ªæZ RbmsL¨v e„w× A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ Ab¨Zg cÖavb AšÍivq| Kv‡RB A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ Zivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mydj †fvM Ki‡Z n‡j cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

o AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqbt evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j †`‡ki cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, we`y¨r, †mP e¨e¯’v cÖf…wZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ my‡hvM- myweav e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j K…wl I wk‡íi Drcv`b e„w×i gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z n‡e|

o ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©bt †`‡ki `ªæZ K…wl I wk‡íi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡`k †_‡K KvuPvgvj I hš¿cvwZ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| G Rb¨ cÖPzi ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Kv‡RB †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ idZvwbi cwigvb e„w×i gva¨‡g AwaK ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

o AbyK~j ag©xq I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m„wót A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †`‡k AbyK~j ag©xq I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| mgv‡R cÖPwjZ ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbmg~n †_‡K AÜ wek¦vm †Muvovgx, Kzms¯‹vi cÖf…wZ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|

o gvbe m¤ú‡`i Dbœqbt evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v 16 †KvwU| G wekvj RbmsL¨v‡K `ÿ K‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡j GKwU wekvj gvbe m¤ú` ˆZwi n‡e| †`‡k †gŠwjK wkÿvi cÖmvi Ges KvwiMwi cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g `ÿ gvbe m¤ú` m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|

o AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi m„wót †`kxq c‡Y¨i AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb evRvi A_©bxwZ I wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M we‡`‡ki mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMÖxi ¸YMZ gvb e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e Ges we‡`‡ki mv‡_ mdj K~U‰bwZK I evwYwR¨K m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|

o `ybx©wZ †ivat evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GK weivU evav n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q `ybx©wZ| †PvivKvievwi, KidvuwK, e¨vsK FY †Ljvwcmn mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯Í‡i weivRgvb `yb©xwZ †iva Ki‡Z n‡e|

o ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi cwieZ©bt †`‡k weivRgvb ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki ivRbxwZK ms¯‹…wZ‡Z BwZevPK cwieZ©b wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

o myôz cwiKíbv cÖYqbt evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j myôz cwiK¬bv cÖYqb Ges Gi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

‡h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †m †`‡ki ag©xq, ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbmg~n ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c~e© kZ© n‡jv AbyK~j mvgvwRK I ag©xq cwi‡ek| hw` †Kv‡bv †`‡ki ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbmg~n I ixwZbxwZ mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi, †Mvovgx, AÜwek¦vm, iÿYkxjZv I A`„óev`xZv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i Zvn‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb evavcÖvß nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbmg~n hw` mgvR †_‡K Kzms¯‹vi, †Mvovgx, AÜwek¦vm, iÿYkxjZv I A`„óev`xZv cÖf…wZ `~ixf~Z K‡i Ges RbMb‡K cvw_©e mg„w× I RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b AvMÖnx K‡i ‡Zv‡j Zvn‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z nq| G Kvi‡Y A_©‰bwZ Dbœq‡bi Dci ag©xq I mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni cÖfve Acwimxg| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbgxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖavb cÖwZeÜK nj cÖwZK~j mvgvwRK I ag©xq cwi‡ek| GLb G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

†hŠ_ cwievit evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ †hŠ_ cwievi cÖ_v we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ †hŠ_ cwievi cÖ_v cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| †hŠ_ cwievi cÖ_vi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv †h, cwiev‡ii me m`m¨B GK‡Î emevm K‡i, GKB A‡bœ cÖwZcvwjZ nq Ges m¤úwZi gvwjKvbv GKxf~Z _v‡K| cwiev‡ii AwR©Z A_© GKwU mvaviY Znwe‡j Rgv nq| G †hŠ_ Znwej n‡Z mK‡ji Rb¨ LiP nq| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii myweav A‡bK| wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, †hŠ_ cwievi cÖ_v ev GKvbœeZ©x cwievi cÖ_v `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ evav m„wó K‡i| †hŠ_ cwievi cÖ_v e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ bó K‡i Ges RbM‡bi K‡g©v‡`¨vM I mÂq¯ú„nv n«vm K‡i| †hŠ_ cwievi cÖ_vq GKRb ev `yÕRb DcvR©b K‡i, cwiev‡ii Ab¨ mevB Gi dj †fvM K‡i| G Kvi‡Y cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Kg©¯ú„nv I mÂq cÖeYZv n«vm cvq, AjmZv e„w× cvq Ges Kg©wegyLZv †`Lv †`q|

c`©v cÖ_vt evsjv‡`‡k we‡kl K‡i gymjgvb mgv‡R c`©v cÖ_v cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| c`©v cÖ_v Abymv‡i †g‡qiv evwn‡i Aev‡a PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡`i KvRKg©I cvwievwiK MwÛi g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gymjgvb †g‡qiv G c`©v cÖ_v AZ¨šÍ K‡Vvifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i| ag©xq `„wó‡Z c`©v cÖ_vi Aek¨B wKQz myweav i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †jv‡Kiv msKxY© I †Muvovwgi Rb¨ G c`©v cÖ_v GZ K‡Vvifv‡e AbymiY K‡i †h, G e¨e¯’v Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi c‡_ we‡kl evav wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©KB n‡jv ¯¿x‡jvK| c`©v cÖ_vi d‡j G A‡a©K Rbkw³B wbw®‹…q I Abyrcv`bkxj i‡q‡Q| Zviv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î cyiæl‡`i DcvR©‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o| myZivs c`©v cÖ_vi K‡VviZv Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi c‡_ GKwU weivU cÖwZeÜK| AvaywbK wkÿv cÖmv‡ii d‡j eZ©gvb c`©v cÖ_vi K‡VviZv wKQzUv n«vm cv‡”Q Ges eZ©gv‡b †g‡qivI wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Ki‡Q| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡K n‡j Ges bvix- mgvR‡K Drcv`bkxj Rbkw³‡Z iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j c`©vcÖ_vi Av‡iv bgbxqZv cÖ‡qvRb|

eY©cÖ_vt evsjv‡`‡ki wn›`y mgv‡R eY© cÖ_v cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| wn›`y mgvR g~jZ PviwU e‡Y© wef³, h_v- eªvþY, ÿwÎq, ˆek¨ I k~`ª| wewfbœ e‡Y©i †jv‡Kiv eskvbyµ‡g wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| GK eY© n‡Z Ab¨ e‡Y© †ckvMZ ev mvgvwRK PjvPj m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| mgv‡R Giƒc eY©‡f` cÖ_v cÖPwjZ _vKvq kÖ‡gi Aeva MwZkxjZv evavcÖvß nq Ges Drcv`b wewNœZ nq| eY©‡f` cÖ_vq gvby‡li B”Qv Abyhvqx KvR Kivi ¯^vaxbZv †bB, DËivwaKvim~‡Î wbav©wiZ nq| d‡j e¨w³MZ K‡g©v‡`¨vM ÿzbœ nq| ZvQvov eY©cÖ_v †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ wnsmv we‡Øl I mvgvwRK msKxY©Zvi D™¢e NUvq|

DËivwaKvi AvBbt evsjv‡`‡ki gymjgvb I wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ DËivwaKvi AvBb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb we‡kl K‡i K…wl Dbœq‡bi c‡_ weivU cÖwZeÜK| gymjgvb AvBb Abyhvqx †Kvb e¨w³i g„Zz¨i ci Zvi me ¯’vei I A¯’vei m¤úwË cyÎ, Kb¨v, ¯¿x Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvZ¥xq- ¯^Rb‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv nq; wn›`y DËivwaKvi AvB‡b †Kvb e¨w³i g„Zz¨i ci Zvi m¤úwË Zvi me cyÎ g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv nq| cwiev‡ii mKj mgvb my‡hvM `vb Ges mvgvwRK wbivcËvi `„wó‡Z G AvBb Aek¨B mg_©b‡hvM¨| wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb we‡kl K‡i K…wl Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ G DËivwaKvi AvBb mnvqK bq| KviY, cÖPwjZ DËivwaKvi AvB‡bi Avgv‡`i †`‡ki K…wl Rwg¸‡jv µgk LwÛZ- weLwÛZ n‡q co‡Q| Gi d‡j K…wl †ÿ‡Î hvwš¿K Pvl c×wZi cÖ‡qvM K‡i K…wl Drcv`b e„w× Kiv hv‡”Qbv| ZvQvov GB AvB‡bi GKwU ÎæwU n‡jv‡h, wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi m¤úwËi GKwU Ask Avkv K‡i| ˆcZ…K m¤úwË cvevi Avkv A‡bK‡KB Kg©wegyL I cigyLv‡cÿx K‡i †Zv‡j| G `„wófw½ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cwicwš’|

evj¨weevn I eûweevnt Avgv‡`i mgv‡R evj¨weevn I eûweevn cÖ_v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k we‡kl K‡i MÖvgxY mgv‡R wcZv- gvZviv AwZ Aí eq‡m †Q‡j- †g‡q‡`i‡K weevn †`b| Avgv‡`i †g‡q‡`i we‡qi MocoZv eqm n‡jv 15 eQi| ZvQvov, Avgv‡`i †`‡k eûweevn cÖ_vI cÖPwjZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡k weevn‡K AwaKvsk †jvK GKwU ag©xq KZ©e¨ Abyôvb e‡j g‡b K‡ib Ges A‡b‡K GKvwaK weevn K‡ib| evj¨ weevn I eû weevn cÖ_v cÖPwjZ _vKvq Avgv‡`i †`‡ki RbmsL¨v `ªæZ MwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡”Q| e¯‘Z Rb¥nvi e„w× Ges wkï I bvix- g„Zz¨i nvi †ewk nevi g~‡j i‡q‡Q evj¨ I eû weevn| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j evj¨ weevn I eû weevn cÖ_vi Aemvb NUv‡Z n‡e|

ag©xq cwi‡ekt †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki ag©xq `„wófw½ I wek¦vm A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y~ cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| KviY ag© hw` A`„óev`‡K cÖkÖq †`q Ges cÖMwZkxj cwieZ©b Avbq‡b evavi m„wó K‡i Zvn‡j †`‡ki Dন্নqb evavMÖ¯Í nq| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ag© GKwU we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| G‡`‡ki kZKiv 89 fvMB gymjgvb| Bmjvg ag© A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cwicš’x bq Z‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK AwkwÿZ nevi `iæb Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz Kzms¯‹vi, †Mvuovgx, AÜwek¦vm cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q hv G‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cwicš’x| ÔgyL w`‡q‡Qb whwb Avnvi †`‡eb wZwbÓ Ggb aviYv cÖPwjZ| Zviv g‡b K‡ib, Rb¥wbqš¿Y GKwU ag© we‡ivax I cv‡ci KvR|

ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb mg~nt A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni cªfve AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †`‡k hw` ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq _v‡K; cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv hw` `ÿ I `yb©xwZ nq Ges MYZš¿ hw` cy‡ivcywi cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i Zvn‡j †`‡ki Dbœqb cÖwµqv Z¡ivwš^Z nq| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci †ek K‡qKevi ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k GLbI MYZš¿ m¤ú~Y© cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| e¯‘Z ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv I mykvm‡bi Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb e¨vnZ n‡”Q|
myZivs evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ ag©xq, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, G me cÖwZôv‡bi †ewkifvMB Dbœq‡bi cwicwš’| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^ Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i ag©xq, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K Dbœq‡bi mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|

Dcmsnvi

ÒKvuUv †nwi ÿvšÍ †Kb Kgj Zzwj‡Z

`ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z?Ó

RqZz evsjv‡`k|

mnvqK MÖš’cyÄx

†Rvqvi`vi, my‡Kk চন্দ্র; wcÖwÝcj&m Ae BKbwgK&m (2008)

Todarro, Michael; Economic Development (seventh edition, 2001)

শেকড়

PAGE

মঙ্গলবার, ২০ ডিসেম্বর, ২০১১

অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নঃ প্রেক্ষিত বাংলাদেশ

কোন মন্তব্য নেই: